The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region. The conflict started after the partition of India in 1947 as a dispute over the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and escalated into three wars between India and Pakistan and several other armed skirmishes. China has also been involved in the conflict in a third-party role Both India and Pakistan claim the entirety of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. India controls approximately 55% of the land area of the region and 70% of its population, Pakistan controls approximately 30% of the land, while China controls the remaining 15%.
The United Nations has played an important role in maintaining peace and order in Jammu and Kashmir soon after the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, when a dispute erupted between the two States on the question of Jammu and Kashmir. India took this matter to the UN Security Council, which passed resolution 39 (1948) and established the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) to investigate the issues and mediate between the two countries. Following the cease-fire of hostilities, it also established the United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) to monitor the cease-fire line and consider as a disputed area.
After the partition of India and a rebellion in the western districts of the state, Pakistani tribal militias invaded Kashmir, leading the Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir to join India and starting the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 which ended with a UN-mediated ceasefire along a line that was eventually named the Line of Control After further fighting in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Simla Agreement formally established the Line of Control between the two nations' controlled territories. In 1999, armed conflict between India and Pakistan broke out again in the Kargil War over the Kargil district.
Since 1989, Kashmiri protest movements were created to voice Kashmir's disputes and grievances with the Indian government in the Indian-controlled Kashmir Valley, with some Kashmiri separatists in armed conflict with the Indian government based on the demand for self-determination. The 2010s were marked by further unrest erupting within the Kashmir Valley. The 2010 Kashmir unrest began after a fake encounter between local youth and security forces. Kashmiri start protest. The Indian government blamed separatists and Lashkar-e-Taiba, for stoking the 2010 protests. The 2016 Kashmir unrest erupted after killing of a Kashmiri Freedom Fighter, Burhan Wani, by Indian security forces. Further unrest in the region erupted after the 2019 Pulwama attack.
Historical Background
The provision was drafted in 1947 by Sheikh Abdullah, who had by then been appointed prime minister of Jammu & Kashmir by Maharaja Hari Singh and Jawahar Lal Nehru. Sheikh Abdullah had argued that Article 370 should not be placed under temporary provisions of the Constitution. He wanted 'iron clad autonomy' for the state, which Centre didn't comply with.
(The Time of India)
What is 370?
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution is a 'temporary provision' which grants special autonomous status to Jammu & Kashmir. Under Part XXI of the Constitution of India, which deals with "Temporary, Transitional and Special provisions", the state of Jammu & Kashmir has been accorded special status under Article 370. All the provision of the Constitution which are applicable to other states are not applicable to J&K. For example, till 1965, J&K had a Sadr-e-Riyasat for governor and prime minister in place of chief minister.
(The Time of India)
What is 35A
Article 35A of the Indian Constitution was an article that empowered the Jammu and Kashmir state's legislature to define "permanent residents" of the state and provide special rights and privileges to those permanent residents. It was added to the Constitution through a Presidential Order, i.e., The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 – issued by the President of India on 14 May 1954, under Article 370. The state of Jammu and Kashmir defined these privileges to include the ability to purchase land and unmovable property, ability to vote and contest elections, seeking government employment and availing other state benefits such as higher education and health care. Non-permanent residents of the state, even if Indian citizens, were not entitled to these 'privileges
Preplanning
In mid of July, Narendra Modi government has decided to send an additional 38,000 troops to the Kashmir Valley in two batches -- 10,000 and 28,000. This follows a statement by the home ministry in Parliament that situation has improved in Kashmir Valley.
On July 24, Minister of State for Home Affairs G Krishan Reddy told the Rajya Sabha that security situation in the state has improved in the first half of the year compared to corresponding period of 2018.
2nd August, India Today
Former chief minister Omar Abdullah said in a tweet that while the "unprecedented order would seem to suggest a genuine fear of a massive terror strike" it would "do nothing to dampen the sense of fear and foreboding that prevails in the valley at the moment."
Reports of an influx of troops into Kashmir -- where local elections are due -- has raised concerns about whether Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government is preparing to change laws that give the state a special constitutional status.
Bloomberg
The Modi Government knew the consequence after breach the Indian Constitutional promise. They increase 38000 troops in the valley by showing off the security threat in valley.
On 27 July Mehmooba Mufti twitted that “Centre`s decision to deploy additional 10,000 troops to the valley has created fear psychosis amongst people. There is no dearth of security force in Kashmir. J&K is a political problem which won’t be solved by military means Government of India needs to rethink and overhaul its policy.”
She also shares the fair and tension of the public of the valley by twitting on 2nd August “Complete chaos on the streets of Srinagar. People rushing to ATMs petrol pumps and shocking up on essential supplies.”
Scrapped of Article 370
On 5 August 2019, President of India Ram Nath Kovind issued a constitutional order revoking the 1954 order, and making all the provisions of the Indian constitution applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. Following resolutions passed in both the houses of Parliament, he issued a further order on 6 August declaring all the clauses of Article 370 and 35A to be inoperative.
The Indian Kashmiri start protest after India has scrapped a law that grants special status to Indian-administered Kashmir amid a lockdown and troop deployment in the disputed region.
According to Aljazeera “The lockdown came as the Indian government revoked a constitutional provision that guaranteed special rights to the Muslim-majority state.
New Delhi has shut down mobile and internet services in Kashmir in times of turmoil before, but this time the blackout has included landlines and cable television networks.
As additional forces were deployed in towns and cities, barbed wire was laid on the streets to thwart any protests during the lockdown.
Educational institutions and shops in residential neighborhoods remained shut.”
The France 24 reported that “As India cut off all forms of communication, imposed severe travel restrictions and detained more than 300 political leaders and activists across Kashmir on August 5, FRANCE 24 travelled to the Muslim-majority region.”
The valley people facing may problem due to imposing curfew since 5th August today 15th August it’s still imposed they facing food shortage, specially medicines shortage become most critical due to lockdown the medical store are close and transport system are also banned.
The Kashmiri student in different university of also worried about their family.
That is why Pakistanis and Kashmiris decided to observe black day on Indian Independence day.
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